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- <text id=93TT0081>
- <title>
- Oct 18, 1993: Hot Time For A Cool Contest
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Oct. 18, 1993 What in The World Are We Doing?
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 85
- Hot Time For A Cool Contest
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Records fall in the fierce competition to create superconductors
- at higher and higher temperatures
- </p>
- <p>By J. MADELEINE NASH
- </p>
- <p> Paul C.W. Chu is science's version of a champion pole vaulter.
- Every time he smashes a world record, he just puts the bar a
- bit higher and goes at it again. It's not just that he's never
- satisfied with himself; he also knows his many competitors won't
- let the record stand. What Chu, a University of Houston physicist,
- and his rivals keep pushing higher and higher is the temperature
- at which it's possible to create superconductors--those almost
- magical materials that allow electricity to flow through them
- with no resistance whatsoever. When scientists get the temperature
- high enough, superconductors could, among other wonderful things,
- make computers more powerful, turn electric cars practical and
- improve energy efficiency by offering a superior alternative
- to copper wiring. At stake in this competition is far more gold
- than the Olympic judges could ever award.
- </p>
- <p> Chu and his colleagues first stunned the research community
- six years ago by showing that a compound containing the exotic
- element yttrium could become a superconductor at 98 degrees
- on the Kelvin scale favored by physicists (that's a not-so-balmy
- -283 degreesF). That record, broken repeatedly, is now as outdated
- as the 19-foot pole vault, and last month the contest heated
- up again. First Chu announced in the journal Nature that a mercury-based
- compound could superconduct at 153 degreesK (-184 degreesF),
- a startling 20 degrees higher than the old standard. He got
- that result by subjecting the material to enormous pressure--the sort that creates diamonds from carbon. Just a week later,
- a team of researchers in France and Russia reported in Science
- that they had hit 157 degreesK (-177 degreesF) with a similar
- compound. Now Chu says he has pushed the mark up to 164 degreesK
- (-164 degreesF), though he hasn't published this result. "It's
- really exciting," he says. "Everything is moving fast, really
- fast."
- </p>
- <p> Superconductors have already been put to impressive use. They
- are essential to the powerful electromagnets in the huge particle
- smashers used by physicists and to the magnets that levitate
- superfast trains called maglevs and enable them to glide above
- their tracks. To do the job, however, these superconductors
- must be kept at very low temperatures (around 4 degreesK) through
- the use of liquid helium, an expensive and hard-to-handle coolant.
- The goal of current research is to produce superconductors that
- can perform their magic at less frigid temperatures that are
- easier to reach and maintain. What's exciting about the latest
- mercury compounds, Chu points out, is that they can theoretically
- do their thing with the help of ordinary coolants like Freon,
- which circulates in household refrigerators.
- </p>
- <p> Even so, the newest superconductors may have trouble making
- it out of the lab into commercial products. Their biggest drawback:
- mercury is extremely toxic. But that doesn't diminish the importance
- of the discoveries. By studying the mercury compounds, Chu and
- other scientists can learn more about what makes molecules become
- superconductors and how laboratory tricks can help the process
- along. The research has barely begun, and countless compounds
- remain to be tested. Chu intends to work his way through the
- periodic table, looking for promising elements to mix into his
- superconducting concoctions. What's a likely candidate? Well,
- says Chu, maybe gold.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-